The fuels behind everyday life.

Primary supply is all the coal, oil, gas and other energy that enters the country’s energy system in a year, from mines and wells at home and from imports, before any of it is turned into electricity or fuel. The 2026 edition of the report gives one consistent account for these ten years.

Each fuel’s share of primary supply in the latest year. Oil products are negative because India refines more petrol and diesel than it uses and exports the rest; the crude oil those refineries take in sits in its own line. Electricity is left out: its trade across borders is tiny.

Energy produced inside the country: coal and lignite from mines, crude oil and gas from wells, and electricity from nuclear, hydro, solar and wind plants counted at their primary energy. Fuels the country does not produce, such as oil products, which come out of refineries, are left out.

Energy bought from abroad in the latest year, by fuel, measured as energy rather than as an import bill.

Primary supply from solar, wind and other renewables, mostly the electricity they generate. Large hydro and nuclear are counted separately.

The steps between primary supply and the energy users finally receive. Power stations burn much more fuel than they deliver as electricity, so their entry is large and negative; transmission losses and the energy industry’s own use take more. Captive power plants and refineries show small positive entries under the report’s sign convention, and a statistical difference reconciles the account.

Energy delivered to homes, farms, factories and vehicles, by the form in which they use it. Electricity appears here as the electricity used, not the coal burnt to make it, so it cannot be added to the primary fuels above.

Final energy use by broad sector. “Other” is homes, shops and offices, farms and uses the report cannot place. Non-energy use is fuel used as a material, such as naphtha for plastics, rather than burnt.

Energy used inside industry. Non-metallic minerals is mostly cement and glass; non-ferrous metals is mostly aluminium. “Not specified” is industrial use the report cannot assign to a branch.

Energy used to move people and goods within India. Fuel for international flights and ships is not counted in Indian use.

Energy used outside industry and transport. Cooking gas, kerosene and household electricity fall under homes; pumps for irrigation under agriculture. A large share is use the report cannot place.

The oil products used in the latest year, measured by their energy content. A tonne of each product is not the same quantity of energy; the oil-equivalent unit makes them comparable.

Electricity generated in the latest calendar year, by source, as estimated by Ember. Generation is what plants actually produced, which for solar and wind is much less than their rated capacity.

The share of electricity from solar, wind, hydro, bioenergy and nuclear. It barely moved for fifteen years, because coal grew as fast as clean power did, and began rising as solar took off.

Electricity used in a year divided by the population. One megawatt-hour is a thousand units on a household bill. This counts all use, by factories, farms and offices as well as homes.

Ember’s estimate of the greenhouse gases released in generating electricity, over each fuel’s life cycle, in carbon dioxide equivalent. Coal accounts for almost all of it.

Emissions per unit of electricity generated. It can fall while total emissions rise, as long as clean sources grow faster than coal.

The share of each state’s electricity generation from solar, wind, hydro, bioenergy and nuclear, by where the plants stand. Power flows between states, so this is not the mix of electricity a state’s residents use.

Emissions per unit of electricity generated in each state, by plant location. States and islands that rely on coal, or on diesel generators as Lakshadweep does, sit at the top; hill states that run on hydro power sit near zero. Ember’s state release leaves out captive plants that factories run for their own use.